ABSTRACT
With
the successful increase in the textile industry it also produces some drawback
by which human population has to go through. Although textile produces colorful
clothes for us but it also produces the waste effluent of dyes. The textile
industries produce effluents that contain several types of chemicals such as
dispersants, leveling agents, acids, alkalis, carriers and various dyes.
Accumulation
of concentrated sludge from natural dyes creates a disposal problem. Brown Rot
Fungi (BRF) are the most harmful microorganisms in wood decay process. BRF,
causes wood decay primarily by attacking the carbohydrates of the cell walls,
leaving lignin essentially undigested. BRF are extensively used in industry and
are best option for enzyme production, biodegradation and decolorization of
dyes from wastewater of textile effluent. Despite their loss of enzymatic
systems, the BRF are still capable of depolymerizing holocellulose and
extensively modifying lignin. In this study the BRF samples would be collected
and will isolate BRF. Identify it on the morphological basis. BRF will culture
on Malt Extract Agar to isolate its enzymes.
Assay of decolorization will be done for selected species of BRF against
selected Synthetic and natural dyes. The outcome of the study will contributes to
purify and characterize the important enzymes, and to evaluate its
applicability for the decolorization of synthetic and natural dyes. The aim of
this study to remove dyes from large volumes of effluents at very low in cost
and will help to secure the environment from harmful textile waste water
effluent.
INTRODUCTION
Attraction
of human beings towards colors is a natural property and every person has his
own choice and liking for color. The icy appearance of Hamaliyan ranges or lush
green forests or fields of agriculture or trees laden with colorful fruits or
butterflies moving from flower to flower show the beauty of nature, generation
after generations are being attracted. Color is visual property of humans
categorizing as green, black, blue etc. (Mizzarini et al., 2002).
Colorants can be pigment or a dye which has
the ability to absorb or emit the radiations in the visible range of 400-700nm.
Based on the structure and mechanisms of production they can be organic or
inorganic. A compound gives color due to the absorption of certain
electromagnetic radiation from the visible region (Younas, 2006). Dyes can
absorb radiations of different wavelength in the visible range of spectrum.
Human eyes detect the visible radiations only for the respective complementary
colors (Vankar, 2005).
Dye
is any natural or synthetic substance which is used to color different
materials. In fact dye is a colored substance that has the ability to bind with
material to which it is applied. There are two types of dyes
1.
Natural dyes
2.
Synthetic dyes.
Synthetic dyes are highly coloured organic substances that bind with
fiber with the aid of chemical forces. Hence synthetic dye gives variety of
reproducible shades and colors, had replaced natural dye in textiles (Deo and
Desai, 1999).
Dyes are synthesized in many ways by using different chemicals. On the
basis of methods of application dyes are classified as, acid dyes are anionic
in nature and make ionic bond with fiber when dissolved in acidic solution.
Mostly these dyes are used for wool, acrylic, nylon and cotton. Because these
dyes are used on fibers in inorganic or organic acid solutions that’s why known
as acidic dyes. Azoic dyes used to dye Cotton. These dyes have azo component
(–N=N-). This type of dye is particularly fast to light. Basic dyes are
cationic in nature and also make ionic bond with acrylic, polyester and nylon.
These are made up of amino acids and mostly used on paper. (Gurr, 2012).
Direct dyes are also azo dyes applied generally on cotton-silk
combination from neutral or slightly alkaline baths containing additional
electrolyte. (Diwaniyan et al., 2010). Sulfur
dyes require careful processing because its reduce form is soluble in water
whereas oxidized form is insoluble. These dyes are used for dyeing cotton and
rayon. These dyes are fast to washing but poorly fast to chlorine and give dark
and dull colors (Diwaniyan
et al., 2010).
Dyes are synthesized in a reactor, filtered,
dried, and blended with other additives to produce the final product. Following
steps are mostly used for the synthesis of dye such as coupling, amination,
sulfonation, halogenation, diazotization, and following separation methods used
that are distillation, precipitation, and crystallization (Gurr, 2012). In general, organic compounds such as naphthalene are
reacted with an acid or an alkali along with an intermediate (a nitrating or a
sulfonation compound) and a solvent to form a dye mixture. (Mekkawy, et
al., 1998).
The use of natural dye is not a new method,
it is an ancient method. As early as 180000, the Neanderthal tribe prepared
their dead bodies for burial by coating with red ochre also known as ferric
oxide. After this success, they made paintings in cave by using yellow and red
iron oxide, black manganese dioxide and white clay. For tens of thousands of
years humans obtained coloring materials from salts, rocks, and earth tones (Singh et
al., 2015).
The value of natural dye was lowered after
the invention of first synthetic dye in 1856. The synthetic dye got popularity
due to extensive use in different fields such as food cosmetics, nonlinear
optical activity and in textile industries. But in last few decades value of
synthetic dye is lowered due to its hazardous effect on both health and
environment. The most common health problems of synthetic dyes are allergy and
cancer and it is non biodegradable (Zarkogianni et
al.,
2011).
Now
a day’s pollution has become a challenge for chemical industries worldwide.
Today, All over the world environment regulations are becoming stricter, So we
should realize the importance of natural dye and its technology to prevent the
pollution (Ekta et al,. 2005).
Natural dyes may have a wide range of shades. The most of natural
dyes are obtained from different part of plant such as roots,
berries, bark, fruits, leaves, and wood and other biological sources such as Fungi
and lichens are also used. Natural dyes are known for their use in
coloring of food substrate, leather, and wood as well as natural fibers like
wool, silk, cotton and flax as major areas of application since ancient times (Chengaiah et
al., 2010). Many
natural dye stuff and stains were obtained mainly from plants and dominated as
sources of natural dyes producing different colors like red yellow, blue,
black, brown, and a combination of these. Almost all part of the plants like
root, leaf, wood, seed, flower, etc. produce dyes. It is interesting to note
that over 2000 pigments are synthesized by various parts of plants (Siva, 2007).
These dyes are
eco-friendly than synthetic dyes because in natural materials, all synthesis
processes are accomplished by nature with no pollution of environment and these
materials are readily biodegradable and do not produce hazardous chemicals on
degradation in environment, and so, there is no need for further treatment of
chemical before discharging into the environment
(Newman et al., 2012). If you are
going for a soft hue or soothing shade, natural dyes can help you achieve that
look (Farizadeh et al., 2009).
Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes) make up 32% of the Fungi and
include most wood decaying species, as well as pathogens and mutualistic
symbionts. Wood-decaying basidiomycetes have typically been classified as
either white rot or brown rot, based on the ability (in white rot only) to
degrade lignin along with cellulose and hemicellulose. Prior genomic
comparisons suggested that the two decay modes can be distinguished based on
the presence or absence of ligninolytic class II peroxidases (PODs), as well as
the abundance of enzymes acting directly on crystalline cellulose .(Riley et al., 2014)
BRF are the most prevalent with regard to
attack on coniferous, structural wood products in North America. The wood
decayed by BRF is typically brown and crumbly and it is degraded
via both non-enzymatic and enzymatic systems. A series of celluloytic enzymes
are employed in the degradation process by BRF, but no lignin degrading enzymes
are typically involved (Goodell et a.l,
2008). These BRF are typically found at high
elevations in pine forest regions, or in coniferous forest regions such as the Rocky Mountains or the Himalayas (Isaac, 1993).
The
biological decomposition of lignocellulosic materials, in particular woody
biomass by Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes, plays an essential role in carbon
circle. It has long been proposed that brown-rot attack is based on a two-step
process. Based on research with gloeophyllum species,
have been suggested as the potential biodegrative mechanism in BRF. Despite
their loss of enzymatic systems, the BRF are still capable of depolymerizing
holocellulose and extensively modifying lignin. The Brown Rot Fungi have cast
off the physiologically (energetically) expensive apparatus of lignocellulose
degradation employed by White Rot Fungi, and they have in turn acquired
alternative lower energy mechanisms to initiate fungal attack of wood to
enhance the efficiency of their utilization of lignocellulse (Arantes et al., 2014).
Objective
Aims of this study are
•
Isolation and screening of BRF
•
Study of Enzyme Profile
•
Decolorization of natural
dyes and synthetic dyes
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Indian
are considered as the ancestors for the art of natural dyes. But the knowledge
of natural dying techniques and extracting them from different sources has been
diminished as there was no documentation for those techniques due to the
following reason naturally dyes are difficult to be successful in commercial
sector. With the changes in environment condition i.e pollution global warming environmentalist
now again move toward the use of natural dyes. Due to the properties
biodegradable non carcinogenic and no or less chemical usage (Arora, et al., 2017).
Different plants in
combination or other natural source provides us the cost effective and average
colour range is produced within a range of synthetic colorants (Geissler, 2009). Shoving on
reducing chemical usage in extraction process, its recommended to explicit
usage of water solvent in procedure of
dye extraction from different sources for example plans leaves and fruits
(Shaid et al., 2013).
Highly contaminated
waste water or may be plant residues when we use solvents in extraction process
which requires after treatment putting an extra cost. Combined dye extraction
and dying process simultaneously is suggested to reduce cost.low dye extraction
rate increases the expense of dying and also the dye present in the waste water
should be removed to legal limits of effluents (Mussak and Bechtold, 2009).
As natural dye producing source i.e.
plants have low content of dyes they required high quantity of biomaterial and
also the huge waste generation creates additional burden to dispose waste. Research
findings on using enzyme as fabric pretreatment method offers
a cost-effective and environmentally favorable ‘soft chemistry’ option as enzymes are specific and fast in action and small amounts of enzyme often save
large amounts of raw materials, chemicals, energy and water (Shaid et al., 2013). We can reuse the dye
liquor in dying cycle repetition it would interesting (Vankar et al., 2007).
If we reuse the waste water of natural dying process it would cost saveing as
in case of madder reduces the 19.91 cost (Shams,
2012).
Sonication dye extraction
and dying process is other way over the traditional thermal extraction method
.i will increases the dye production as well as the lower the effluent load of natural
dyes (Sivakumar et al., 2009). Natural dye leftover as
heavy metal adsorbents could be useful in remediation of groundwater and
surface water of chrome metals in contaminated sites of tannery operations.
In Pakistan work has been done on
natural dyes. Study was conducted to explore the coloring potential of Harmala
(Peganum harmala) seeds and to improve color strength of dye using microwave
radiations followed by a mordanting process (Adeel et al., 2018).
Dyes
derived from natural materials such as plant leaves, roots, bark, insect
secretions, and minerals were the only dyes available to mankind for the
coloring of textiles until the discovery of the first synthetic dye in 1856. Rapid research strides in
synthetic chemistry supported by the industrialization of textile production not only led to the
development of synthetic alternatives to popular natural dyes but also to a
number of synthetic dyes in various hues and colors that gradually pushed the
natural dyes into oblivion (Verma,
and Gupta, 2017).
Textile and dyeing
industries use various synthetic dyes. Effluents, containing 5–10% of
dyestuffs, are usually discharged into natural water bodies. Conventional
biological systems are not efficient for bioremediation and decolorization of
dyes (Yesilada et
al., 2018).
Both
synthetic and natural dyes are widely used in various industries particularly
in Textile Industries. Many harmful and hazardous effects of synthetic dyes
have been reported, but these are using very commonly worldwide. One of the
most important problems of synthetic dyes is its decolorization. Scientists
have been trying to remove the colour with the help of certain chemicals, Fungi,
bacteria, algae, and many other techniques, but Biological Decolorization of
Synthetic Dyes is very common and most effective method ( Joshi, et al., 2018).
Several methods have already been used to treat
textile effluents including physico-chemical methods such as filtration, carbon
activated, coagulation and chemical flocculation. Although these methods are effective,
but they are expensive and involve formation of concentrated sludge that
creates a secondary disposal problem. In recent years, use of bioremediation
based technologies for treating textile wastewater containing dyes has
attracted much interest. The ability of microorganisms and their dye degrading
enzymes to decolorize and metabolize the dyes has long been known and has
proved to be the best option for bioremediation (Singh et al., 2015). The
biodegradation of synthetic dyes by Fungi is emerging as an effective and
promising approach (Yang
et al., 2016).
The fungal decolorization of dye wastewater has
been performed in recent years. Several Fungi with the capability to
decolorize a wide range of dyes have been reported. For example, the white-rot Fungi
and BRF are well-studied Fungi groups with decolorization abilities (Singh and Singh 2014).
The mechanism of fungal decolorization mainly
involves two aspects, biodegradation and biosorption (Vanhulle et
al., 2007). The
biodegradation capability of Fungi is due to their extracellular, non-specific and
non-selective enzyme system (Baccar
et al., 2011).
Fungal enzyme production depends on nutrient
limitations, and their subsequent dye decolorization ability is achieved depending
on the growth conditions
(Kaushik, & Malik, 2009). Decolorization of different dyes by
an indigenous strain of fungus from Eucalyptus tree. Their study has been
proved that from number of different synthetic dyes (RBBR, Malachite Green, and
Congo red) Mucor hiemalis decolorize RBBR dye most efficiently. Ideal
conditions for decolorization of 50 ppm RBBR dye has been achieved at 30°C, 5.0
pH and shaking speed of 130 rpm for both free and immobilized biomass although
complete decolorization has been achieved in more than one week. The
investigations have been proved the higher decolarization capacity of
immobilized biomass then free fungal biomass (Rai and Sati, 2015).
Fungi especially white rot Fungi and their enzymes (laccase,
lignin peroxidase, and Mn peroxidase) can be used to bioremediate various
xenobiotics and wastewaters. Therefore, white rot Fungi and/or their enzymes
especially laccase may be an alternative biological system to bioremediate, decolorize,
and detoxify textile dyes in water bodies originating from textile manufacturing
facilities (Yesilada et
al., 2018).
BRF
selectively decay structural carbohydrates, with limited lignin degradation
resulting in this component becoming elevated in brown-rotted wood. Changes in
wood chemistry following brown-rot decay have been investigated. BRF break
down hemicellulose and cellulose that
form the wood structure. Cellulose is broken down by hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) that is
produced during the breakdown of hemicellulose (Deacon,
2005). Because hydrogen peroxide is a small molecule,
it can diffuse rapidly through the wood, leading to a decay that is not
confined to the direct surroundings of the fungal hyphae.
As a result of this type of decay, the wood shrinks, shows a brown
discoloration, and cracks into roughly cubical pieces, a phenomenon termed
cubical fracture. The Fungi of certain types remove cellulose compounds
from wood and hence the wood becomes brown colour.
Brown rot in a dry, crumbly condition is sometimes incorrectly referred to
as dry rot in
general. The term brown rot replaced
the general use of the term dry
rot, as wood must be damp to decay, although it may become dry
later. Dry rot is a generic name for certain species
of BRF (Monrroy et al., 2011).
BRF of particular economic
importance include Serpula
lacrymans (true
dry rot), Fibroporia vaillantii (mine fungus), and Coniophora puteana (cellar fungus), which may
attack timber in buildings. Other BRF include
the sulfur
shelf, Phaeolus schweinitzii, and Fomitopsis pinicola (Stamets, 2005).
Brown-rot fungal decay is
characterised by extensive demethylation of lignins whereas white-rot tends to
produce low yields of molecules with demethylated functional groups (Vane et al., 2001).
We will collect Fungi
from and isolate the BRF. Water Agar medium (WA; WA1.5% agar) shall use for the fungal
isolation; potato-carrot-Agar medium (PCA; 5% potato, 5% carrot, 2% agar) would
use for the identification of fungal isolates; potato-dextrose-Agar medium
(PDA; 20% potato, 2% dextrose, 2% agar) will use to grow the fungal cultures
and for the DNA extraction; and Malt Agar medium (MEA; 2% malt extract, 1.5%
agar) will use for screening the decolorization by Fungi. The liquid MEA medium
will use for the decolorization test was the same as that described above but without
agar. The PDA medium would use for colony growth, and the genomic DNA isolation
shall prepare following the Wongsawas method.
Dye decolorization on
solid media would done by the solid media that will prepare with MEA
medium and the addition of each dye to a total concentration of 50 mg/L. A
mycelium plug derived from the edge of fungal strains grown on WA medium plates
for 4 days at 25 °C will transfer to the center of a solid medium plate and
will inoculate at 25 °C for 1 week. The formation of decolorized zones under or
around the developing mycelia will monitore for dye decolorization.
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